Learn how fish and amphibians have regions of vertebrae that may act like necks, challenging an common anatomical assumption.

New research is redefining the morphological and functional existence of anatomical "neck" regions to better include ...

From mice to giraffes, mammals are remarkable in that all but a handful of their 5000 species have exactly seven vertebrae in the neck. Among the few that deviate from this number are three-toed ...

The vertebral column’s most important physiologic function is protecting the spinal cord, which is the main avenue for communication between the brain and the rest of the body. The spinal cord is ...

The post-translational addition of phosphate groups to serine, threonine and tyrosine residues is a fundamental strategy for regulating protein activities in eukaryotes. Eukaryotic protein kinases—the ...

Many of the body's biggest flaws are the result of evolution building on old designs instead of starting over. Our spine, ...

In Panderichthids (rhipidistian fish ancestors of amphibians), 2 sets of ossifications are present in the centra region. At posterior end, below the neural arch, are pleurocentra. This element gave ...