Understanding intelligence and creating intelligent machines are grand scientific challenges of our times. The ability to learn from experience is a cornerstone of intelligence for machines and living ...

Nearly a century ago, psychologist B.F. Skinner pioneered a controversial school of thought, behaviorism, to explain human and animal behavior. Behaviorism directly inspired modern reinforcement ...

According to cognitive psychology and related disciplines, the development of complex problem-solving behaviour in biological agents depends on hierarchical cognitive mechanisms. Hierarchical ...

Exploring dominant strategies in iterated games holds theoretical and practical significance across diverse domains. Previous studies, through mathematical analysis of limited cases, have unveiled ...