This was a prospective, observational study at an urban, academic, adult medical center ED in New England. A convenience sample of ED patients were enrolled if central venous access and invasive ...

The assessment of the inferior vena cava (IVC) and central venous pressure (CVP) has emerged as a pivotal aspect in the optimisation of haemodynamic management across a range of clinical settings.

Indulge me and imagine that you are on intensive care unit rounds at an academic hospital. You are discussing a patient who is mechanically ventilated, hypotensive, and on vasopressors. Your team is ...