The fourth heart sound (S4), also known as the "atrial gallop", occurs just before S1 when the atria contract to force blood into the LV. If the LV is non-compliant and atrial contraction forces blood ...

The term ‘galloping heart’ might evoke images of a horse in full stride, but in medical terms, it refers to an abnormal heart rhythm that can be indicative of underlying cardiac issues. This condition ...

During myocardial ischemia, both the sympathetic (SNS) and parasypathetic nervous system (PNS) are overactive, leading to multiple symptoms. Sympathetic nervous system over-stimulation leads to cold ...